Get Permission Ahuja, Razi, and Qamar: Assesment of knowledge and awareness regarding novel coronavirus (COVID-19) among dental professionals of Hazaribag District, Jharkhand, India

Journal Information

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Innovative Publication

Journal ID (publisher-id): Innovative Publication

Journal ID (journal_submission_guidelines): https://www.innovativepublication.com/journal/IJPI

Title: IP International Journal of Periodontology and Implantology

ISSN: 2457-0087

Article Information

Copyright: 2020

Volume: 5

Issue: 2

DOI: 10.18231/j.ijpi.2020.018

Assesment of knowledge and awareness regarding novel coronavirus (COVID-19) among dental professionals of Hazaribag District, Jharkhand, India

Annapurna Ahuja[1]

Designation:

Professor and Head

Mohammed Ahsan Razi[1]

Email: mahsan0708@gmail.com

Designation:

Post Graduate Student

Seema Qamar[2]

Designation:

Post Graduate Student

 

Dept. of Periodontology, Hazaribag College of Dental Sciences & Hospital Hazaribag,, Jharkhand India

Dept. of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentsiry, Hazaribag College of Dental Sciences & Hospital Hazaribag, Jharkhand India

Abstract

Aims: The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge and awareness regarding novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among dental professionals of Hazaribag district, Jharkhand, India.

Subjects and Methods: The study population comprised of total 240 dental health professionals (DHPs) of Hazaribag district, Jharkhand. Data were obtained through a questionnaire containing 20 multiple-choice questions. The qualitative analysis was done using Chi-square test, P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: Qualitative analysis of results of responses of DHPs on the knowledge and awareness of COVID-19 revealed that irrespective of their educational qualification and experience in the field of dentistry, the majority had sufficient knowledge on various aspects of the disease. However, responses of DHPs belonging to different qualification groups to questions that were related to age group at risk of getting COVID-19 infection, the genetic makeup of SARS CoV-2, it's mode of transmission and use of recommended norms useful in preventing COVID-19 infection showed different levels of knowledge and awareness on the disease that were statistically significant (p<0.05)

Introduction

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome- coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It started in Wuhan city, China in December 2019 and caused severe respiratory syndrome that spread rapidly to different parts of China and ultimately to different parts of the world has emerged as a global pandemic.1, 2, 3 The highly infectious disease with appreciable fatality rates has become a significant public health problem across the globe, including India.

In India, the first confirmed case of COVID-19 was reported from the state of Kerela on January 30, 2020 in a student who had returned from Wuhan, China. Since then, as on May 07, 2020, there are more than 52,000 confirmed positive cases in the country. 4 Based on the phylogenetic analysis of viral genome COVID-19 have been identified as Beta CoV. 5, 6 On January 30, 2020, the world health organization (WHO) has declared this devastating global pneumonia outbreak of infectious disease as a public health emergency of international concern. 7 The recent findings suggest its interpersonal transmission mainly via respiratory droplets and contacts and its transmission through aerosols, or vertical transmission remains to be confirmed. 8, 9 Further contact transmission with saliva, nasal and eye secretions are common transmission routes of COVID-19 infection. 10, 11

Further, it is generally accepted that both symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 patients are the primary sources of transmission. 12, 13 Although, individuals of all age groups are susceptible to this disease, those who are in close contact with the patients are at higher risk of COVID-19 infection. Since health care workers are more indulged in contact with symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 patients, they are at higher risk of infection. In late January 2020, WHO and centre of disease and prevention (CDC) recommended a guideline for the prevention and control of COVID-19 for health care workers. 14, 15 Among all groups of people who are at high risk of this new infectious disease, dental health professionals (DHPs) who besides involving face to face communication, very frequently come in contact with saliva, cough, sneeze droplets and blood, blood mixed saliva during various dental procedures in the working area during the use of high-speed air rotor, ultrasonic scalers etc., and thus they face the highest risk of getting COVID-19 virus infection. During dental procedures, instruments also get infected with the virus that carries the risk of COVID-19 infection to the next chain.

The present survey-based study was undertaken to investigate the knowledge and awareness of dental professionals on the current outbreak of pandemic COVID-19 infection.

Subjects and Methods

A twenty cross-sectional question survey was conducted among dental professionals (Interns, B.D.S., M.D.S.) belonging to both the sexes (male and female) of district Hazaribag, Jharkhand, India. Due to the announcement of lockdown by the government of India on March 24, 2020, the participants in this survey were approached directly by the researchers through e-mails and social media. (Figure 1 and 2)

Figure 1

Questionnaire 1-10

https://typeset-prod-media-server.s3.amazonaws.com/article_uploads/2802d08b-5376-4130-9320-81141d1fa65b/image/d8e372e6-5b6e-4973-9afa-4c5795e37aee-uimage.png

Figure 2

Questionnaire 11-20

https://typeset-prod-media-server.s3.amazonaws.com/article_uploads/2802d08b-5376-4130-9320-81141d1fa65b/image/e373f4bb-7452-4d52-ba07-c73fc7a5274b-uimage.png

Inclusion criteria

The participants included were interns of Hazaribag College of Dental Sciences & Hospital, and DHPs of Hazaribag district holding B.D.S., M.D.S. qualifications.

Exclusion criteria

1st year to final year students as they are not much exposed to the clinical work yet.

Table 1

Distribution of study participants based on the age group, qualification and gender

Frequency Percent
Age group (In Years) 20 - 35 144 60.0
36 – 45 67 27.9
46 - 55 15 6.3
>55 14 5.8
Total 240 100.0
Qualifications Interns 102 42.5
BDS 80 33.3
MDS 58 24.2
Total 240 100.0
Gender Male 140 58.3
Female 100 41.7
Total 240 100.0

Table 2

Knowledge about novel coronavirus (COVID- 19) among dental health professionals

Questions Options
Qualifications Statistical inference
Interns BDS MDS Total
Q. No. 1 Corona virus Count 102 80 58 240
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Total Count 102 80 58 240
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Q. No. 2 Elderly Count 8 4 0 12 X2 =24.941Df = 4P Value = 0.001
% 7.8% 5.0% 0.0% 5.0%
Elderly individuals with underlying medical conditions Count 28 7 3 38
% 27.5% 8.8% 5.2% 15.8%
All the above Count 66 69 55 190
% 64.7% 86.3% 94.8% 79.2%
Total Count 102 80 58 240
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Q. No. 3 1-7 days Count 11 9 1 21 X2 =11.897Df = 6P Value =0.06
% 10.8% 11.3% 1.7% 8.8%
1-14 days Count 83 69 57 209
% 81.4% 86.3% 98.3% 87.1%
1-24 days Count 5 1 0 6
% 4.9% 1.3% 0.0% 2.5%
1-28 days Count 3 1 0 4
% 2.9% 1.3% 0.0% 1.7%
Total Count 102 80 58 240
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Q. No. 4 Yes Count 89 68 56 213 X2 =12.549Df = 4P Value = 0.014
% 87.3% 85.0% 96.6% 88.8%
No Count 5 0 0 5
% 4.9% 0.0% 0.0% 2.1%
May be Count 8 12 2 22
% 7.8% 15.0% 3.4% 9.2%
Total Count 102 80 58 240
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Q. No. 5 Yes Count 94 78 58 230 X2 = 6.531Df = 2P Value = 0.038
% 92.2% 97.5% 100.0% 95.8%
May be Count 8 2 0 10
% 7.8% 2.5% 0.0% 4.2%
Total Count 102 80 58 240
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

[i] X2 (Chi square test), Df = Degree of freedom; P < 0.05 Significant

Table 3

Knowledge about novel coronavirus (COVID- 19) among dental health professionals

Questions Options Qualification Total Statistical inference
Interns BDS MDS
Q. No. 6 Yes Count 96 79 58 233 X2 =5.696 Df = 2 P Value = 0.06
% 94.1% 98.8% 100.0% 97.1%
May be Count 6 1 0 7
% 5.9% 1.3% 0.0% 2.9%
Total Count 102 80 58 240
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Q. No. 7 Yes Count 77 67 44 188 X2=9.865 Df = 4 P Value = 0.043
% 75.5% 83.8% 75.9% 78.3%
No Count 1 4 5 10
% 1.0% 5.0% 8.6% 4.2%
May be Count 24 9 9 42
% 23.5% 11.3% 15.5% 17.5%
Total Count 102 80 58 240
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Q. No. 8 Yes Count 101 74 54 229 X2 = 5.294 Df = 2 P Value = 0.071
% 99.0% 92.5% 93.1% 95.4%
May be Count 1 6 4 11
% 1.0% 7.5% 6.9% 4.6%
Total Count 102 80 58 240
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Q. No. 9 Yes Count 86 63 49 198 X2= 1.424 Df = 4 P Value = 0.840
% 84.3% 78.8% 84.5% 82.5%
No Count 6 5 3 14
% 5.9% 6.3% 5.2% 5.8%
May be Count 10 12 6 28
% 9.8% 15.0% 10.3% 11.7%
Total Count 102 80 58 240
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Q. No. 10 Yes Count 14 9 8 31 X2 = 0.623 Df = 4 P Value = 0.96
% 13.7% 11.3% 13.8% 12.9%
No Count 84 69 48 201
% 82.4% 86.3% 82.8% 83.8%
May be Count 4 2 2 8
% 3.9% 2.5% 3.4% 3.3%
Total Count 102 80 58 240
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

[i] X2 (Chi square test), Df = Degree of freedom; P < 0.05 Significant

Table 4

Attitude towards novel coronavirus (COVID- 19) among dental health professionals

Questions Options Qualifications Total Statistical inference
Interns BDS MDS
Q. No. 11 Yes Count 80 60 49 189 X2= 3.428 Df = 4 P Value = 0.489
% 78.4% 75.0% 84.5% 78.8%
No Count 6 9 3 18
% 5.9% 11.3% 5.2% 7.5%
May be Count 16 11 6 33
% 15.7% 13.8% 10.3% 13.8%
Total Count 102 80 58 240
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Q. No.12 Yes Count 82 55 47 184 X2 =4.455 Df = 4 P Value = 0.348
% 80.4% 68.8% 81.0% 76.7%
No Count 16 20 8 44
% 15.7% 25.0% 13.8% 18.3%
May be Count 4 5 3 12
% 3.9% 6.3% 5.2% 5.0%
Total Count 102 80 58 240
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Q. No.13 Yes Count 101 80 55 236 X2= 5.999 Df = 2 P Value = 0.05
% 99.0% 100.0% 94.8% 98.3%
May be Count 1 0 3 4
% 1.0% 0.0% 5.2% 1.7%
Total Count 102 80 58 240
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Q. No. 14 Yes Count 78 55 43 176 X2= 6.224 Df = 4 P Value = 0.183
% 76.5% 68.8% 74.1% 73.3%
No Count 14 8 4 26
% 13.7% 10.0% 6.9% 10.8%
May be Count 10 17 11 38
% 9.8% 21.3% 19.0% 15.8%
Total Count 102 80 58 240
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Q. No. 15 Yes Count 4 3 1 8 X2= 1.747 Df = 4 P Value = 0.782
% 3.9% 3.8% 1.7% 3.3%
No Count 83 69 48 200
% 81.4% 86.3% 82.8% 83.3%
May be Count 15 8 9 32
% 14.7% 10.0% 15.5% 13.3%
Total Count 102 80 58 240
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

[i] X2 (Chi square test), Df = Degree of freedom; P < 0.05 Significant

Table 5

Attitude towards novel coronavirus (COVID- 19) among dental professionals

Questions Options Qualification Total Statistical inference
Interns BDS MDS
Q. No. 16 Yes Count 102 79 57 238 X2 = 1.582 Df = 2 P Value = 0.453 (Non- Significant)
% 100.0% 98.8% 98.3% 99.2%
May be Count 0 1 1 2
% 0.0% 1.3% 1.7% 0.8%
Total Count 102 80 58 240
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Q. No. 17 Yes Count 77 56 39 172 X2 = 2.204 Df = 4 P Value = 0.698
% 75.5% 70.0% 67.2% 71.7%
No Count 4 2 3 9
% 3.9% 2.5% 5.2% 3.8%
May be Count 21 22 16 59
% 20.6% 27.5% 27.6% 24.6%
Total Count 102 80 58 240
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Q. No. 18 Yes Count 9 2 2 13 X2 = 4.799 Df = 4 P Value = 0.309
% 8.8% 2.5% 3.4% 5.4%
No Count 36 32 19 87
% 35.3% 40.0% 32.8% 36.3%
May be Count 57 46 37 140
% 55.9% 57.5% 63.8% 58.3%
Total Count 102 80 58 240
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Q. No. 19 Yes Count 85 56 46 187 X2 = 9.064 Df = 4 P Value = 0.06
% 83.3% 70.0% 79.3% 77.9%
No Count 10 18 5 33
% 9.8% 22.5% 8.6% 13.8%
May be Count 7 6 7 20
% 6.9% 7.5% 12.1% 8.3%
Total Count 102 80 58 240
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Q. No. 20 Yes Count 89 66 49 204 X2= 1.358 Df = 4 P Value = 0.851
% 87.3% 82.5% 84.5% 85.0%
No Count 10 11 8 29
% 9.8% 13.8% 13.8% 12.1%
May be Count 3 3 1 7
% 2.9% 3.8% 1.7% 2.9%
Total Count 102 80 58 240
% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

[i] X2 (Chi square test), Df = Degree of freedom; P < 0.05 Significant

Results

240 participants (140 males and 100 females) in the study were in the age group 20-35 years (60%), 36-45 years (27.9%), 46-55 years (6.3%), and more than 55 years old (5.8%). (Table 1)

The response of DHPs on knowledge towards COVID-19 infection: (Table 2, Table 3 )

100% of the respondents, irrespective of their qualification were certain that a coronavirus causes COVID-19, and majority of the participants (79.2%) were certain that persons of all the age groups were at risk of getting infected with COVID -19 whereas 20.8% participants had a different opinion on this issue. The difference was statistically significant. (p value=0.001). A majority (87.1%) of the DHPs agreed on the fact that COVID-19 has an incubation period of 1-14 days while 12.9% participants from different qualification groups did not have knowledge of incubation period of the coronavirus. The difference was, however, statistically insignificant (p-value =0.06). For question no. 4 related to the genetic makeup of COVID-19 virus, a significant percentage (88.8%) of participants believed that it is a retrovirus, and the rest did not have any knowledge about it. A fairly high percentage (more than 95%) of DHPs with varied educational qualification knew about the transmission of the virus through direct or indirect contact as well as through aerosols and droplets. However, 21.7% of the participants did not have a good knowledge of COVID-19 transmission through the use of poorly sterilized or infected dental instruments. The present survey demonstrated that 95.4% of the respondents had knowledge of the various symptoms of COVID-19 infection, but a minor percentage (4.6%) of them were not sure about the symptoms. Although the majority (82.5%) of participating DHPs knew the consequences of COVID -19 infection that may lead to severe pneumonia, respiratory failure and death, 17.5% of total participants were not aware of it. The present survey revealed that 83.8% of DHPs did not have any knowledge about the government official helpline number for referring suspected COVID-19 patients.

The response of DHPs on awareness towards COVID-19 infection: (Table 4, Table 5)

A majority of the participants (78.8%) advocated that patients should be essentially screened for exploring potential infection of COVID-19 before starting any dental treatment. In comparison, 27.2 % of them, however, either did not consider it necessary or were confused. Only 76.7% of the DHPs were aware of the personal protection guidelines issued by WHO, and 98.3% of them considered maintaining hand hygiene, covering nose and mouth, and avoiding sick contacts could help in the prevention of COVID-19 transmission.

A vast majority of the DHPs (99.2%) considered that washing hands with soap and water would help in the prevention of COVID-19 transmission. The participant's knowledge about a question related to current treatment for COVID-19 was poor, as 73.3% of them considered that supportive care is the current treatment for the disease. In comparison, 26.7% were not clear about the currently available treatment. Only 83.3%; DHPs knew that flu vaccination is not sufficient for preventing COVID-19. However, 13.3% of participants were not clear about it and 3.3% perceived that the flu vaccine is enough for preventing the disease. A majority (70.7%) of the DHPs agreed that the use of hand scalers and rubber dam would reduce the transmission risk of COVID-19. However, an appreciable percentage (24.6%) were not sure about it, and 3.8% did not agree with this. For a question like "do you think a preoperational antimicrobial mouth rinse with 0.2% Chlorhexidine, 1% hydrogen peroxide or 0.2% Povidone-iodine reduces the salivary load of COVID-19", a majority of the DHPs (58.3%) were not sure about this, while 39.7% didn't agree with this, nor did not have any idea about this. A majority (77.9%) of the participants agreed that during this pandemic out breaking of COVID-19, only emergency cases in dental practices should be considered for treatment. In comparison, 13.8% of them did not agree with it. Similarly, a large majority of the participants in the present survey were positive about providing advice to the patients on how to protect themselves from COVOD-19 infection. Surprisingly, some (12.8%) participants responded negatively to this while a few (2.9%) of them were not clear about it.

Discussion

The current global emergency COVID-19, has within a short time spread to almost all countries of the world and has been declared global public health emergency by WHO. This global pandemic (WHO, 2020) 16 has forced a sizable global population to face lockdown in order to contain human to human viral transmission. Although we generally consider that COVID-19 spreads from person to person through respiratory droplets expelled by an infected person, but our knowledge of several aspects of infection spread is not very comprehensive. 17, 18 It is generally considered that viral respiratory infections are spread by direct contact or through fomites/surfaces that infected symptomatic or asymptomatic person has touched or upon which respiratory droplets expelled by the person have landed. 19, 20 Further, airborne transmission of COVID-19 viral load to longer distances cannot be ruled out. 16 Considering the high rate of infectiousness, DHPs face a high risk of contacting SARS-2 CoV-2 while conducting dental procedures. The results of the present survey on DHPs of Hazaribag district of Jharkhand state on their knowledge and awareness towards COVID-19 disease explicitly demonstrated that irrespective of their qualification (Interns, B.D.S., and, M.D.S.), age and gender, they had a right level of knowledge about the current disease. 100% of the participants knew that the disease is caused by a coronavirus. However, more than 11% of participants did not have any idea about the genetic makeup of the virus. Although the majority of DHPs had correct knowledge of the mode of spread of infection, and the role of aerosols and droplets in the transmission of the virus from person to person, surprisingly 21.7% of them were ignorant about the role of poorly sterilized or infected dental instruments in the transmission of COVID-19. Majority of them similarly have knowledge about symptoms as well as consequences of the disease, but only a hopeless minority (11.3%) of them had government official helpline number available with them for referring the suspected COVID-19 patients.

DHPs generally work in close contact with patients. Recently an article published by New Year Times describes that DHPs are the workers who are comparatively at highest risk of getting COVID-19 infection than any other health care workers. 21 Transmission of this virus occurs predominantly through inhalation, direct mucous contact with saliva and blood droplets. It is also worth noting that the virus could survive on hands, objects or surfaces that were exposed to infection. 16, 22 Human Saliva contains a high viral load. Although antiseptic mouth rinses before the start of the dental procedures help reduce microbial loads, these are unable to eliminate the virus in the saliva. 16, 23 Therefore, before undertaking treatment, DHPs must follow the updated Dental Council of India (DCI) guidelines 23 and take up recommend steps for primary diagnosis of possible COVID-19 infection in the patients reporting to the clinics for dental ailments. Before entering into the operating areas, each patient should be initially screened for body temperature (using thermal scanners). They should also be subjected to questions through a well-designed questionnaire about the patient's general health status in the last fourteen days, travel history, and about the risk of having been in contact with other infected persons. The suspected case should be referred to the nearby COVID-19 health care centre. DHPs are also advised to take proper personal protection measures and avoid or minimize dental procedures that can produce droplets or aerosols such as by frequently using saliva ejectors. 23

Conclusions

Dental health care professionals have the duty to protect themselves, their patients, and the public by maintaining high standards of oral health care by following proper infection control measures in their working areas. The present survey has revealed that the DHPs of Hazaribag district of Jharkhand state have a reasonably good knowledge of COVID-19. However, there still appears to be a need for acquiring complete updated details about the disease. Since no definite treatment is currently available for SARS- CoV-2 infection, it is of utmost importance that DHPs are fully loaded with knowledge of different aspects of COVID-19 in general and its transmission mechanism in particular. This will enable them to make a plan for undertaking dental treatment and also to educate the patient to prevent transmission of this fatal disease.

Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Ujjal Chatterjee, Principal and Dr. Praveen Srinivas, Secretary, Hazaribag College of Dental Sciences & Hospital, Hazaribag, Jharkhand for their sustained encouragement during this study; Dr. Rajeev Kumar, Secretary, IDA Hazaribag branch and Dr. M. Raziuddin, Vice Chancellor and former Professor Emeritus R.G. University, Ramgarh, Jharkhand for helpful discussion and suggestion during the study. We also thank to Dr. T. Ravi Kumar, Bengaluru, Karnataka for his valuable help in data analysis.

Source of Funding

None.

Conflict of Interest

None.

References

1 

Na Zhu Dingyu Zhang Wenling Wang Xingwang Li Bo Yang Jingdong Song A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019N Engl J Med2020382872733

2 

Chen Wang Peter W Horby Frederick G Hayden George F Gao A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concernLancet2020395102234703

3 

T Liu Transmission dynamics of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The Lancet2020https://ssrn.com/abstract=3526307

4 

https://mohfw.gov.in

5 

F Wu A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in ChinaNat20203

6 

P Zhou A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin2020

7 

E Mahase China coronavirus: WHO declares international emergency as death toll exceeds 200BMJ2020368408408

8 

C Rothe Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in germanyN Engl J Med20203829701

9 

J F Chan S Yuan K H Kok K K To H Chu J Yang A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family clusterLancet202039551423

10 

Lu Cheng-Wei Liu Xiu-Fen Jia Zhi-fang. 2019-nCoV transmission through the ocular surface must not be ignoredLancet2020395e39

11 

K K To .-W Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in salivaClin Infect Dis2020

12 

C Huang Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan China. Lancet2020395497506

13 

W Guan Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in China2020https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.20020974v1

14 

World Health Organization. Infection prevention and control during health care when novel coronavirus ( nCoV) infection is suspected: interim guidance, January 2020. World Health Organization20201212https://www.who.int/publicationsdetail/infectionprevention-and-control-during-health-care-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov

15 

CDC recommendation: postpone non-urgent dental procedures, surgeriesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020

16 

X Peng X Xu Y Li L Cheng X Zhou B Ren Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practiceInt J Oral Sci2020129

17 

L Bourouiba Turbulent Gas Clouds and Respiratory Pathogen Emissions: Potential Implications for Reducing Transmission of COVID-19JAMA2020

18 

N Van Doremalen T Bushmaker D H Morris M G Holbrook A Gamble B N Williamson Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1N Engl J Med20203821615647

19 

N Chen M Zhou X Dong J Qu F Gong Y Han Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive studyLancet202039550713

20 

R Lu X Zhao J Li P Niu B Yang H Wu Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor bindingLancet202039556574

21 

L Gamio The Workers Who Face the Greatest Coronavirus Risk202015https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/03/15/business/economy/coronavirus-worker-risk.html?action=click&module=Top+Stories&pgtype=Homepage

22 

L. Meng F. Hua Z. Bian Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emerging and Future Challenges for Dental and Oral MedicineJ Dent Res20209954817

23 

www.dciindia.gov.in

Keywords

Keywords:

Keywords

Coronavirus

COVID­19

Dental

Health professionals

SARS CoV­2

jats-html.xsl

×

Table details

This is an Open Access (OA) journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

  • Article highlights
  • Article tables
  • Article images

View Article

PDF File   Full Text Article


Copyright permission

Get article permission for commercial use

Downlaod

PDF File   XML File   ePub File


Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

Article DOI

https://doi.org/ 10.18231/j.ijpi.2020.018


Article Metrics






Article Access statistics

Viewed: 4652

PDF Downloaded: 1033




Sitemap | Editorial and Ethical Policies | Open Access | Advertise | Feedback | Disclaimer
©2016 Ip International Journal Of Periodontology And Implantology | Published by IP Innovative Publication Pvt. Ltd. (www.ipinnovative.com)
Online since 22nd July, 2016
IJPI is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.